Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Gimme That
Old Time Christmas! Holiday Films DVD, MP4 Download, USB
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 2025: The Monday After
Thanksgiving Weekend: Cyber Monday: -- A day for you to do your
shopping at EarthStation1 MediaOutlet! Established in 2005, Cyber
Monday is the Internet's answer to brick-and-mortar holiday
shopping. Unlike Black Friday, Cyber Monday gives you the chance
to shop those amazing Black Friday deals from the comfort of your
couch or office. Cyber Monday was invented in 2005 by Ellen Davis,
the president of the National Retail Foundation. Data had shown
that the Monday after Thanksgiving was experiencing higher than
usual traffic for retail shopping while individuals were at work.
Analysts were led to believe that's because individuals had spent
the weekend window shopping among the madness of Black Friday and,
rather than use the typically slower residential internet speeds,
waited until Monday when they were bored at work to buy what they
liked over the weekend. Thus, Cyber Monday was created as a way
for brands to leverage two things: Workplace boredom and the
convenience of shopping online versus in store during the Wild
West of Black Friday. Since then, Cyber Monday has steadily grown
as one of the major shopping days of the year. With the likes of
Amazon and increasingly affordable high-speed internet, shopping
online has become more woven into the fabrics of American lives.
Nearly everything can be bought and sold with about one click or
two. Additionally, as the holiday grew, so too did the day. Now,
Cyber Monday sales may start the Monday before Cyber Monday
(making it Cyber Week?). The nomenclature is still unknown. But
what we do know is that Cyber Monday is much bigger now than just
an ahead of its time insight in 2005. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Babes In
Toyland 1986 Keanu Reeves Drew Barrymore DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025
( #JCKaelin here: The world's first
electric Christmas lights were invented by Thomas Edison atop the
hill 1/3rd of a mile overlooking the neighborhood where I grew up
in Edison, New Jersey, where they become the first Christmas
lights display! ) ========= December 1: National Christmas Lights
Day: -- Time to deck the halls! Before the invention of electric
lights, families would balance candles on the branches of their
Christmas trees-a risky practice that naturally led to several
house fires. Electric Christmas lights were first invented in 1880
by Thomas Edison, who promptly strung them all over the outside of
his Menlo Park laboratory. Because people were initially
distrustful of electricity, however, it took another several
decades for the invention to catch on. And it wasn't until 1903,
when General Electric began selling pre-assembled kits of
Christmas lights, that electric lights became popular with people
of all classes. Today, electric lights are an integral part of the
winter holiday season, and certainly aren't exclusive to
Christmas. As we get ready for the end of the year, let's string
up our lights and celebrate. 'Tis the season, after all! On Sale @
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: A
Christmas Carol By Charles Dickens Ronald Colman CD, MP3, USB
Stick
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1: Christmas Book Day: --
Discovering joy in festive tales, sharing Christmas Books as
heartfelt gifts, creating cherished memories in every page. Book
lovers, bibliophiles, Christmas lovers and everyone who loves a
good story are all invited to participate in the celebration of
Christmas Book Day! The tradition of giving books for Christmas
has a delightful history and one story starts in Iceland in 1944,
following the independence that Iceland had gained from Denmark.
Called Jolabokaflod in the Icelandic language, the name literally
translates to mean "Christmas Book Flood". At that time,
resources were in short supply in Iceland due to World War II, but
paper was an easy commodity to come by so books provided an ideal
opportunity for gift-giving. And because Iceland already had a
national affinity for reading, the idea of a special day dedicated
to giving books as gifts during annual Christmas celebrations fits
just perfectly into the culture. Each year, since 1944, the book
trade in Iceland has published the "Book Bulletin" which
is a catalog filled with book titles sent to every household in
the country. Sent during the Reykjavik Book Fair in mid-November,
the bulletin arrives just in time for families to choose books to
order as gifts for the holiday season. The tradition of giving
books on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day may be decades old, but
the celebration of Christmas Book Day is a more recent event that
was started in 2021 by Jill Roman Lord. She is the award winning
author of the children's book, That Grand Christmas Day!, who
founded the day with the hope of growing the love for books during
the Christmas season. The idea behind Christmas Book Day is to
purchase Christmas books, read Christmas books, and also give them
away as gifts. The first day of December is an ideal time to
snuggle up with those delightful Christmas and winter-themed story
books, sharing with the family and enjoying the warm feelings of
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Songs Of
Protest And Conscience Played In The USA DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1: World AIDS Day: -- First
recognized in 1988, World AIDS Day is dedicated to spreading
awareness of the AIDS pandemic spread by the spread of HIV
infection, and to mourning those who have died of the disease. An
estimated 40 million people worldwide have died of AIDS since
1981, and an estimated 37 million are living with HIV, making it
one of the most important global public health issues in recorded
history. Despite recent improvements in treatment, the AIDS
epidemic still claims an estimated two million lives each year, of
which more than 250,000 are children. World AIDS Day was the first
time ever a health day was observed globally. The day is an
opportunity for everyone around the world to come together in the
fight against the disease and stand in solidarity to support those
suffering from HIV, as well as remember those who lost their lives
to this illness. The idea to observe World AIDS Day was conceived
to make the most of a media gap between the U.S. presidential
elections of 1988 and Christmas. Broadcast journalist James Bunn,
who had newly taken a post at the World Health Organization,
believed that after a year of election campaigns, the public would
be drawn to coverage of AIDS on air. Along with his colleague
Thomas Netter, Bunn assessed December 1 as the ideal date for the
observance and spent the following 16 months planning and
executing the inaugural event. The theme of the first World AIDS
Day was centered on children and youth, to create greater
awareness amongst the target age bracket, and the impact of AIDS
on their lives and their families. It was also made apparent that
AIDS was not limited to commonly stigmatized groups such as drug
users. From 1996 onwards, the observance of World AIDS Day was
taken over by the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, expanding
the campaign to an annual education and prevention campaign. The
World AIDS Campaign was registered as a nonprofit organization in
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: A Portrait
Of Robert Mapplethorpe DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1: Day Without Art: --
Coinciding with World AIDS Day. Day Without Art has since its
inception in America in 1989 marked the impact of the AIDS
epidemic on the artistic community and documented efforts in
fighting AIDS. On this holiday, artists and art institutions shut
their doors, dim the lights, and shroud their works, replacing
them with posters and facts about AIDS. Others screen films and
documentaries for audiences online and in theaters. Day Without
Art is also a day of mourning as memorials are a standard part of
proceedings. Day Without Art began on December 1, 1989. Visual
AIDS, an organization founded in 1988 by Robert Atkins, writer and
art critic, and three curators - Gary Garrels, Thomas Sokolowski,
and William Olander introduced this observation. Visual AIDS
brought together the arts and AIDS communities through national
projects - Day Without Art was one of these projects. It was
envisioned as a day of mourning and action, involving hundreds of
art organizations and institutions in a rallying call to display
the power of art in raising awareness. Over 800 art galleries,
museums, and institutions in the U.S. covered up their displays,
replacing them with posters educating people about HIV and safe
sex. Artists and curators conducted memorials and readings,
including visual arts exhibitions and performances. They
celebrated the achievements and lives of colleagues and friends
they had lost to AISs, encouraging better care for patients and
support to discover a cure. Visual AIDS used posters in the early
days of its campaign to increase publicity for Day Without Art.
They also used memorial quilts, which helped get the public
involved. The movement's inclusivity was a novel approach when
most of the U.S. were either aloof or biased against people with
AIDS. The stigma made it difficult to hold conversations about the
topic. The Arts community was one of the few that acknowledged the
AIDS epidemic and its effect on cultural life. Through Day Without
Art, Visual AIDS became one of the first national initiatives
dedicated to fighting AIDs and supporting patients. More than 30
years later, Visual AIDS continues with its Day Without Art
projects in what is now a global movement involving thousands of
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: King: A
Filmed Record: Montgomery To Memphis DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1: Rosa Parks Day: -- December
1, 1955: Civil Rights Movements: The American Civil Rights
Movement (1954-1968): Anti-Black Racism In The United States:
Segregation: Racial Segregation: Civil Rights Protests: Civil
Rights Protests In The United States: Transport And Bus
Segregation In The United States: Transport And Bus Boycotts In
The United States: The Montgomery Bus Boycott: -- Rosa Parks is
arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to obey municipal
bus driver James F. Blake's order to give up her seat in the
"colored section" to a white passenger, after the
whites-only section was filled, and then to move to the back
section of the bus. NAACP organizers believed that Parks was the
best candidate for seeing through a court challenge as a result of
her arrest for civil disobedience in violating Alabama segregation
laws. Others had taken similar steps, including Bayard Rustin in
1942, Irene Morgan in 1946, Lillie Mae Bradford in 1951, Sarah
Louise Keys in 1952, and the members of the ultimately successful
Browder v. Gayle 1956 lawsuit (Claudette Colvin, Aurelia Browder,
Susie McDonald, and Mary Louise Smith) who were arrested in
Montgomery for not giving up their bus seats months before Parks.
Parks' act of defiance and the Montgomery bus boycott became
important symbols of the modern Civil Rights Movement. On November
13, 1956, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Browder v.
Gayle that racial segregation on public buses was unconstitutional
and declares Alabama laws requiring segregated buses illegal, thus
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Commercials: The Classics Vol. 9 DVD, MP4 Download, USB Flash
Drive
Today, December 1, 2025
December X, 1638: #BOTD: #HBD! Dom
Perignon, French Benedictine monk and priest who made important
contributions to the production and quality of champagne wine in
an era when the region's wines were predominantly still red (d.
September 14, 1715) is #born Pierre Perignon to a clerk of the
local marshal in the town of Sainte-Menehould in the ancient
Province of Champagne in the Kingdom of France. Dom (Don)
Perignon, OSB (Order Of Saint Benedict) was baptized on January 5,
1639. He was the youngest of his parents' seven children, as his
mother died the following summer. His father's family owned
several vineyards in the region. August 4, 1693 is the date
traditionally ascribed to Dom Perignon's invention of champagne;
it is not clear whether he actually invented champagne, however he
has been credited as an innovator who developed the techniques
used to perfect sparkling wine. By the mid-19th century, sparkling
champagne became the dominant style of Champagne until the
mid-19th century. The famous champagne Dom Perignon, the prestige
cuvee of Moet & Chandon, is named for him. The remains of the
monastery where he spent his adult life is now the property of
that winery. Dom Perignon was a contemporary of Louis XIV
(1638-1715). Champagne is a French sparkling wine. Many people use
the term Champagne as a generic term for sparkling wine, but in
the EU and some countries, it is illegal to label any product
Champagne unless it came from the Champagne wine region of France
and is produced under the rules of the appellation. This alcoholic
drink is produced from specific types of grapes grown in the
Champagne region following rules that demand, among other things,
specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from
designated places within the Champagne region, specific
grape-pressing methods and secondary fermentation of the wine in
the bottle to cause carbonation. Sparkling wine is a wine with
significant levels of carbon dioxide in it, making it fizzy. While
the phrase commonly refers to champagne, EU countries legally
reserve that term for products exclusively produced in the
Champagne region of France. Sparkling wine is usually either white
or rose, but there are examples of red sparkling wines such as the
Italian Brachetto, Bonarda and Lambrusco, Australian sparkling
Shiraz, and Azerbaijani "Pearl of Azerbaijan" made from
Madrasa grapes. The sweetness of sparkling wine can range from
very dry brut styles to sweeter doux varieties (French for 'hard'
and 'soft', respectively). Dom Perignon died at approximately age
77. He is buried in a section of the Abbey of Saint-Vanne cemetery
traditionally reserved only for abbots near the town of Verdun.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Georgy
Zhukov Marshal Of The Soviet Union MP4 Video Download DVD
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 1896: #BOTD: #HBD! Georgy
Zhukov, Russian general and politician, Red Army Chief of General
Staff and Deputy Commander-In-Chief, 2nd Minister of Defence for
the Soviet Union and Politburo member (d. June 18, 1974) is #born
Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov in Strelkovka, Kaluga Governorate,
Russian Empire into a poverty-stricken peasant family. During
World War II he planned, organized and was overall commander of
Red Army forces engaged in multiple battles, most notably the
Battle Of Stalingrad, and ultimately, while commanding the 1st
Belorussian Front, in the Battle Of Berlin. In recognition of
Zhukov' role in World War II, he was allowed to participate in
signing the German Instrument of Surrender and to inspect the
Moscow Victory Parade of 1945. He later fell out of favor with
Stalin, but after his death in 1953 his star rose again, having
arrested Beria and found the favor of Nikita Khrushchev and
Nikolai Bulganin. Until 1955, Zhukov had both sent and received
letters from Eisenhower. Both leaders agreed that the two
superpowers should coexist peacefully. He was forcibly retired
from governmental service in 1957, but again brought back into
favor if not government by Brezhnev. His memoirs were published in
1969 and became a best-seller. Georgy Zhukov died of a stroke in
Moscow at the age of 77. Contrary to Zhukov's last will for an
Orthodox Christian burial, and despite the requests of the family
to the country's top leadership, his body was cremated and his
ashes were buried at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis alongside fellow
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Rodgers
And Hammerstein: The Sound Of American Music DVD, MP4, USB
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 1913: #BOTD: #HBD! Mary
Martin, American actress, singer, dancer and star of film,
television and Broadway (d. November 3, 1990) is #born Mary
Virginia Martin in Weatherford, Texas. A muse of Rodgers and
Hammerstein's, she originated many leading roles over her career
including Nellie Forbush in South Pacific (1949) and Maria Von
Trapp in The Sound of Music (1959). She is best known among baby
boomers as Peter Pan in two television specials by Producers'
Showcase (1955 and 1956, black and white) and again in color in
1960. She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree in 1989. She was the
mother of actor Larry Hagman. Mary Martin died of cancer four
weeks before her 77th birthday at her home in Rancho Mirage,
California. She is buried in City Greenwood Cemetery in
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Women's
Rights Women's Suffrage The Women's Movement MP4 Download DVD
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 1919: Feminism: The Feminist
Movement (The Women's Movement): The 1919 United Kingdom
By-Election: -- Lady Nancy Astor becomes the first woman to sit in
the House Of Commons; Countess Constance Markievicz, the first to
be elected, refused to sit. On November 28, she was elected as the
first female in the British House Of Commons. Nancy Astor,
Viscountess Astor (Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor), Viscountess
Astor, CH (Order of the Companions of Honour) (May 19, 1879 - May
2, 1964) was an American-born British politician, an American
citizen who moved to England at age 26 and married Waldorf Astor.
He succeeded to the peerage and entered the House of Lords; she
then entered politics and won his former seat in Plymouth in 1919,
becoming the first woman to sit as an MP in the House Of Commons.
Her first husband was American Robert Gould Shaw II (first cousin
of American Civil War Union hero Robert Gould Shaw, who led the
first all-black regiment (54th Massachusetts) in US history), and
they divorced. She served in Parliament as a member of the
Conservative Party for Plymouth Sutton until 1945, when she was
persuaded to step down. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Woody
Allen Vintage TV Shows Set DVD, MP4 Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 1935: #BOTD: #HBD! Woody
Allen, American director, writer, actor, and comedian whose career
spans more than six decades, is #born Allan Stewart Konigsberg at
Mount Eden Hospital in the Bronx, New York City to a Jewish family
that spoke German, Hebrew and Yiddish. He began his career as a
comedy writer in the 1950s, writing jokes and scripts for
television and publishing several books of short humor pieces. In
the early 1960s, Allen began performing as a stand-up comedian,
emphasizing monologues rather than traditional jokes. As a
comedian, he developed the persona of an insecure, intellectual,
fretful nebbish, which he maintains is quite different from his
real-life personality. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Allen fourth
on a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians, while a UK
survey ranked Allen as the third-greatest comedian. By the
mid-1960s, Allen was writing and directing films, first
specializing in slapstick comedies before moving into dramatic
material influenced by European art cinema during the 1970s, and
alternating between comedies and dramas to the present. He is
often identified as part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmakers
of the mid-1960s to late 1970s. Allen often stars in his films,
typically in the persona he developed as a standup. Some of the
best-known of his over 50 films are Annie Hall (1977), Manhattan
(1979), Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), and Crimes and Misdemeanors
(1989). In 2007 he said Stardust Memories (1980), The Purple Rose
of Cairo (1985), and Match Point (2005) were his best films.
Critic Roger Ebert described Allen as "a treasure of the
cinema". Allen has received many accolades and honors
throughout his career. He has won four Academy Awards: three for
Best Original Screenplay and one for Best Director. He also
garnered nine British Academy Film Awards. His screenplay for
Annie Hall was named the funniest screenplay by the Writers Guild
of America in its list of the "101 Funniest Screenplays".
In 2011, PBS televised the film biography Woody Allen: A
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Mo' Funny:
Black Comedy In America DVD Video Download
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 1940: #BOTD: #HBD! Richard
Pryor, African American stand-up comedian, actor, producer,
writer, screenwriter and Prince Hall Freemason (d. December 10,
2005) is #born Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor in Peoria,
Illinois. He grew up in a brothel run by his grandmother, Marie
Carter, where his alcoholic mother, Gertrude L. (nee Thomas), was
a prostitute. His father, LeRoy "Buck Carter" Pryor
(June 7, 1915 - September 27, 1968), was a former boxer, hustler
and pimp. After Gertrude abandoned him when he was 10, Pryor was
raised primarily by Marie, a tall, violent woman who would beat
him for any of his eccentricities. Pryor was one of four children
raised in his grandmother's brothel. He was sexually abused at age
seven, and expelled from school at the age of 14. While in Peoria,
he became a Prince Hall Freemason at a local lodge. Richard Pryor
reached a broad audience with his trenchant observations and
storytelling style, and is widely regarded as one of the greatest
and most influential stand-up comedians of all time. Pryor's body
of work includes many concert movies and recordings: Richard
Pryor: Live & Smokin' (1971), That Nigger's Crazy (1974),
...Is It Something I Said? (1975), Bicentennial Nigger (1976),
Richard Pryor: Live in Concert (1979), Richard Pryor: Live on the
Sunset Strip (1982), and Richard Pryor: Here and Now (1983). As an
actor, he starred mainly in comedies such as Silver Streak (1976),
but occasionally in dramas, such as Paul Schrader's Blue Collar
(1978), or action films, such as Superman III (1983). He
collaborated on many projects with actor Gene Wilder. Another
frequent collaborator was actor/comedian/writer Paul Mooney. Pryor
won an Emmy Award (1973) and five Grammy Awards (1974, 1975, 1976,
1981, and 1982). In 1974, he also won two American Academy of
Humor awards and the Writers Guild of America Award. The
first-ever Kennedy Center Mark Twain Prize for American Humor was
presented to him in 1998. He was listed at number one on Comedy
Central's list of all-time greatest stand-up comedians. In 2017,
Rolling Stone ranked him first on its list of the 50 best stand-up
comics of all time. Richard Pryor died of a third heart attack in
Los Angeles. He was taken to a local hospital after his wife's
attempts to resuscitate him failed. He was pronounced dead at 7:58
a.m. PST. His widow Jennifer was quoted as saying, "At the
end, there was a smile on his face." He was cremated, and his
ashes were given to his family. His ashes were later spread in
2019 by his widow, Jennifer, in Hana, Hawaii. Forensic pathologist
Michael Hunter believes Pryor's fatal heart attack was caused by
coronary artery disease that was at least partially brought about
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Hirohito:
Behind The Myth War Responsiblity MP4 Download DVD
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 1941: World War II: The
Pacific War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Asiatic-Pacific Theater,
The Pacific Theater Of World War II): The Asiatic-Pacific Theater:
The Attack On Pearl Harbor (The Battle Of Pearl Harbor, The Hawaii
Operation, Operation AI, Operation Z): -- Emperor Hirohito of
Japan gives the final approval to initiate war against the United
States. On November 26, 1941, The Imperial Japanese Navy's Hawaii
Operation, also known as Operation AI and Operation Z, their
codenames for the Attack On Pearl Harbor which brought about
America's entry into World War II, began as Japan's 1st Air Fleet
(Japanese: Daiichi Koku Kantai) also known as the Kido Butai
("Mobile Force"), the world's largest fleet of aircraft
carriers, a combined carrier battle group comprising most of the
aircraft carriers and carrier air groups of the IJN during the
first eight months of the Pacific War, departed the Kuril Islands,
then the northernmost territories of Japan and since under Russian
administration since the end of World War II, to strike the U.S.
Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. On December 7, 1941, this
surprise military strike was launched, an event memorialized in
the United States as National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day. Japan
intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S.
Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions they planned
in Southeast Asia against overseas territories of the United
Kingdom, the Netherlands, and the United States. Over the next
seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the
U.S.-held Philippines, Guam and Wake Island and on the British
Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. The attack commenced
at 7:48 a.m. Hawaiian Time. The base was attacked by 353 Imperial
Japanese aircraft (including fighters, level and dive bombers, and
torpedo bombers) in two waves, launched from six aircraft
carriers. All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four
sunk. All but the USS Arizona were later raised, and six were
returned to service and went on to fight in the war. The Japanese
also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an
anti-aircraft training ship, and one minelayer. One hundred
eighty-eight U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,403 Americans were
killed and 1,178 others were wounded. Important base installations
such as the power station, dry dock, shipyard, maintenance, and
fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine
piers and headquarters building (also home of the intelligence
section), were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29
aircraft and five midget submarines lost, and 64 servicemen
killed. One Japanese sailor, Kazuo Sakamaki, was captured. The
surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people
and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both
the Pacific and European theaters. The following day, December 8,
the United States declared war on Japan, and several days later,
on December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The
U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and
Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been
fading since the Fall of France in 1940, disappeared. There were
numerous historical precedents for unannounced military action by
Japan, but the lack of any formal warning, particularly while
negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President Franklin
D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, "a date which will
live in infamy". Because the attack happened without a
declaration of war and without explicit warning, the attack on
Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Emperor's Eye: Taiwan's National Palace Art Museum DVD, MP4, USB
Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 1949: China: The History Of
China: The Century Of Humiliation (The Hundred Years Of National
Humiliation) (1838-1945): The History Of The Republic Of China
(1912-1949): The Retreat Of The Republic Of China To Taiwan:
Chiang Kai-shek Flees To Taiwan: -- Along with two million
Kuomintang (KMT, Chinese Nationalist Party) nationalist troops and
officers under his command, in addition to many civilians and
refugees fleeing the advance of the Communist People's Liberation
Army, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek attempts to retreat from
mainland China to the Chinese island province of Taiwan (Formosa),
a retreat in full effect on December 7, 1949 (the 8th anniversary
of the Japanese Attack On Pearl Harbor), ending any chance of the
GMD reclaiming the rule over China proper. This ensured that the
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) under the leadership of Chairman Mao
Zedong was the new government of the Chinese nation. The Retreat
Of The Republic Of China To Taiwan, also known as the Kuomintang's
Retreat To Taiwan, also known in Taiwan as The Great Retreat,
refers to the exodus of the remnants of the internationally
recognized Kuomintang-ruled government of the Republic Of China to
the island of Taiwan in December 1949 toward the end of active
battles in the Chinese Civil War. Kuomintang troops mostly fled to
Taiwan from provinces in southern China, including Szechuan
Province, where the last stand of the Republic Of China's main
army took place. The flight to Taiwan took place over four months
after Mao Zedong had proclaimed the founding of the People's
Republic Of China in Peking on October 1, 1949. Over the course of
4 months beginning in August 1948, the ROC leaders had relocated
the Republic Of China Air Force to Taiwan, taking over 80 flights
and 3 ships. An average of 50 or 60 planes flew daily between
Taiwan and China transporting fuel and ammunition between August
1948 and December 1949. During this time, Chiang also sent the 26
naval vessels of the Nationalist army to Taiwan. The final
Communist assault against Nationalist forces began on April 20,
1949 and continued until the end of summer. By August, the
People's Liberation Army dominated almost all of mainland China;
the Nationalists held only Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands, some
parts of Kwangtung, Fukien, Chekiang and a few regions in China's
far west. Institute of History and Philology director Fu Ssu-nien
spearheaded a rush to persuade scholars to flee to Taiwan, as well
as bringing books and documents. After the retreat, the Republic
Of China leadership, led by Generalissimo and President Chiang
Kai-shek planned to make the retreat only temporary, hoping to
regroup, fortify and reconquer the mainland.[ This plan, which
never came into fruition, was known as "Project National
Glory", and made the national priority of the Republic Of
China on Taiwan. Once it became apparent that such a plan could
not be realized, Taiwan's national focus shifted to the
modernization and economic development of Taiwan, even as the ROC
continues to claim sovereignty over regions under PRC control
despite losing international recognition. In 1949, Chiang's
government imposed martial law and persecuted critics during the
White Terror, the brutal suppression of political dissidents
involved in the 1947 native Taiwanese population's anti-KMT
government protests known as the February 28 Incident. Presiding
over a period of social reforms and economic prosperity, Chiang
won five elections to six-year terms as President of the Republic
Of China and was Director-General of the Kuomintang until his
death in 1975, three years into his fifth term as President and
just one year before Mao's death. One of the longest-serving
non-royal heads of state in the 20th century, Chiang became the
longest-serving non-royal ruler of China, having held the post for
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Vietnam:
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Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 1975: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War In Asia: The Indochina Wars:
The Laotian Civil War (The Secret War): -- The civil war in Laos,
which was waged between the Communist Pathet Lao and the Royal Lao
Government from May 23, 1959 to December 2, 1975, ends in a Pathet
Lao victory. The Laotian Civil War is associated with the
Cambodian Civil War and the Vietnam War, with both sides receiving
heavy external support in a proxy war between the global Cold War
superpowers. It is called the Secret War among the American CIA
Special Activities Center, and Hmong and Mien veterans of the
conflict. The Kingdom of Laos was a covert theater for other
belligerents during the Vietnam War. The Franco-Lao Treaty of
Amity and Association (signed 22 October 1953) transferred
remaining French powers to the Royal Lao Government (except
control of military affairs), establishing Laos as an independent
member of the French Union. However, this government did not
include representatives from the Lao Issara anti-colonial armed
nationalist movement. The following years were marked by a rivalry
between the neutralists under Prince Souvanna Phouma, the right
wing under Prince Boun Oum of Champassak, and the left-wing Lao
Patriotic Front under Prince Souphanouvong and half-Vietnamese
future Prime Minister Kaysone Phomvihane. Several attempts were
made to establish coalition governments, and a "tri-coalition"
government was finally seated in Vientiane. The fighting in Laos
involved the North Vietnamese Army, U.S. troops and Thai forces
and South Vietnamese army forces directly and through irregular
proxies in a struggle for control over the Laotian Panhandle. The
North Vietnamese Army occupied the area to use for its Ho Chi Minh
Trail supply corridor and as a staging area for offensives into
South Vietnam. There was a second major theater of action on and
near the northern Plain of Jars. The North Vietnamese and Pathet
Lao eventually emerged victorious in 1975 in the slipstream of the
victory of the North Vietnamese army and the South Vietnamese
Vietcong in the Vietnam War. A total of up to 300,000 people from
Laos fled to neighbouring Thailand following the Pathet Lao
takeover. After the communists took power in Laos, Hmong rebels
fought the new government. The Hmong were persecuted as traitors
and "lackeys" of the Americans, with the government and
its Vietnamese allies carrying out human rights abuses against
Hmong civilians. The incipient conflict between Vietnam and China
also played a role with Hmong rebels being accused of receiving
support from China. Over 40,000 people died in the conflict. The
Lao royal family were arrested by the Pathet Lao after the war and
sent to labor camps, where most of them died in the late 1970s and
1980s, including King Savang Vatthana, Queen Khamphoui and Crown
Prince Vong Savang. On May 15, 1997, the United States government
acknowledged the existence of the "Secret War" in Laos,
and dedicated the Laos Memorial in honor of Hmong and other
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EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Second
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Today, December 1, 2025
December 1, 1991: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War (1985-1991) (The End Of The
Cold War): The Dissolution Of The Soviet Union: The Declaration Of
Independence Of Ukraine:The Act Of Declaration Of Independence Of
Ukraine (Ukrainian: Akt Proholoshennia Nezalezhnosti Ukrainy): The
1991 Ukrainian Independence Referendum: -- Ukrainian voters
overwhelmingly approve The Act Of Declaration Of Independence, a
referendum for independence from the Soviet Union adopted on
August 24, 1991 by the Parliament Of Ukraine (Verkhovna Rada,
"Supreme Council of Ukraine"), by a vote of 92.26% yes
and 7.74% no out of a total of 31,891,742 votes cast (84.18% of
the electorate); ethnic Russians in Ukraine voted in a 55%
landslide for independence. From the following day, December 2,
1991 onwards, Ukraine was recognized as an independent state by
the President of the Russian SFSR Boris Yeltsin, as well as
globally,. On the same day as the referendum, a presidential
election took place. In the month up to the presidential election,
all six candidates campaigned across Ukraine in favour of
independence from the Soviet Union, and a "Yes" vote in
the referendum. Leonid Kravchuk, the parliament chairman and de
facto head of state, was elected to serve as the first President
of Ukraine. In a telegram of congratulations Soviet President
Mikhail Gorbachev sent to Kravchuk soon after the referendum,
Gorbachev included his hopes for close Ukrainian cooperation and
understanding in "the formation of a union of sovereign
states". Ukraine was the second-most powerful republic in the
Soviet Union both economically and politically (behind Russia),
and its secession ended any realistic chance of Gorbachev keeping
the USSR together. By December 1991 all former Soviet Republics
except the RSFSR and the Kazakh SSR had formally seceded from the
Union. A week after his election, Kravchuk joined with Yeltsin and
Belarusian leader Stanislav Shushkevich in signing the Belavezha
Accords, which declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist.
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Today, December 1, 2025
December 1: Chronology: Calendars: The
Months Of The Year: -- December begins, twelfth month of the year
in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the latter being the most
widely used calendar in the world. December succeeds November and
precedes January. November is a month of the end of Autumn and the
beginning of Winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the end of
Spring and the beginning of Summer in the Southern Hemisphere.
December retained its name (from Latin and Greek octo meaning
"nine") because it was the 10th month in the original
ten-month Roman calendar under Romulus in 753 BC, with March being
the first month of the year. About 700 BC, it became the twelfth
month when January and February were added to the year before
March by King Numa Pompilius. Ancient Rome celebrated many
religious, secular and agricultural celebrations during the month
of December. The third of the three obscure archaic religious
animal sacrfice observances known as The Agonalia (or Agonia) was
held on December 11 in honor of Sol Indiges. In classical Latin,
the epithet Indiges, singular in form, is applied to Sol (Latin:
"Sun"), as in Sol Indiges, and to Jupiter of Lavinium,
later identified with Aeneas. One theory holds that Indiges means
the "speaker within", while the Oxford Classical
Dictionary asserts that it more likely means "invoked";
nevertheless, its meaning remains uncertain. The sacrificial
offering of The Agonalia was a ram (aries), the usual victim
sacrificed to the guardian gods of the state. The presiding priest
was The Rex Sacrificulus (Latin: "King Of Little
Sacrifices"), a patrician senator priest. The site of the
sacrifice was The Regia (Latin: "Royal House"), a
two-part structure in Ancient Rome along the Via Sacra at the edge
of the Roman Forum that originally served as the residence or one
of the main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as the office
of the Pontifex Maximus, the highest religious official of Rome.
It occupied a triangular patch of terrain between The Temple Of
Vesta, The Temple Of Divus Julius and Temple Of Antoninus And
Faustina. Both The Rex Sacrificulus and The Regia could only be
employed for ceremonies connected with the highest gods that
affected the wellbeing of the whole state; however, the purpose of
this festival was so obscure that it was disputed even among the
ancients themselves. The Septimontium was also held on December
11, an urban festival celebrated in ancient Rome by Montani,
residents of the seven (sept-) communities associated with the
hills or peaks of Rome (montes): Oppius, Palatium, Velia, Fagutal,
Cermalus, Caelius, and Cispius. The anniversary (Dies Natalis
[Latin: "Birthday") of the founding of The Temple Of
Tellus (The Temple Of Terra [Earth]) was celebrated on December
13. Consualia, officially known as Consuales Ludi (Latin:
"Consular Games"), a festival in honor of Consus, a
tutelary deity of the harvest and stored grain, was held on
December 15. Consuales Ludi harvest festivals were held on August
21, and again on December 15, in connection with grain storage.
The shrine of Consus was underground, it was covered with earth
all year and was only uncovered for this one day. Mars, the god of
war, as a protector of the harvest, was also honored on this day,
as were the Lares, the household gods that individual families
held sacred. During the celebration horses, mules, and asses were
exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned
with garlands and flowers. Chariot races were held this day in the
Circus Maximus, which included an odd race in which chariots were
pulled by mules. In Roman mythology, the Consualia was founded by
Romulus as an occasion to gather his Sabine neighbors. When the
community was assembled and in a state of drunken festivity,
Romulus's men abducted the daughters of the Sabines to become
their brides, an event known infamous in history known as as "The
Rape Of The Sabine Women". According to Livy, the festival
honors Neptune. Saturnalia was held December 17-23, an ancient
Roman festival and holiday in honour of the god Saturn. The
holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn,
in the Roman Forum, and a public banquet, followed by private
gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere that
overturned Roman social norms: gambling was permitted, and masters
provided table service for their slaves as it was seen as a time
of liberty for both slaves and freedmen alike. A common custom was
the election of a "King of the Saturnalia", who gave
orders to people, which were followed and presided over the
merrymaking. The gifts exchanged were usually gag gifts or small
figurines made of wax or pottery known as sigillaria. The poet
Catullus called it "the best of days". Saturnalia was
the Roman equivalent to the earlier Greek holiday of Kronia, which
was celebrated during the Attic month of Hekatombaion in late
midsummer. It held theological importance for some Romans, who saw
it as a restoration of the ancient Golden Age, when the world was
ruled by Saturn. The Neoplatonist philosopher Porphyry interpreted
the freedom associated with Saturnalia as symbolizing the "freeing
of souls into immortality". Saturnalia may have influenced
some of the customs associated with later celebrations in western
Europe occurring in midwinter, particularly traditions associated
with Christmas, the Feast of the Holy Innocents, and Epiphany. In
particular, the historical western European Christmas custom of
electing a "Lord of Misrule" may have its roots in
Saturnalia celebrations. The second of the two Opiconsivia (or
Opeconsiva or Opalia) harvest festivals was celebrated on December
19 in honor of Ops ("Plenty"), also known as Opis, a
goddess of agricultural resources and wealth; the first of the two
festivals held on August 25 marked the end of harvest, ands its
mirror festival on December 19 (during Saturnalia) concerned the
storage of the grain. The Latin word consivia (or consiva) derives
from conserere ("to sow"). Opis was deemed a chthonic
(underworld, inside the earth) goddess who made the vegetation
grow. Although Ops is a consort of Saturn, she was closely
associated with Consus, the protector of grains and subterranean
storage bins (silos). Consus is therefore thought to be an
alternate name of Saturn in the chthonic aspect as consort. The
festival of Consus, the Consualia, was celebrated twice a year,
each time preceding that of Ops: once on August 21, after the
harvest, and once on December 15, after the sowing of crops was
finished. The Opiconsivia festival was superintended by the
Vestals and the Flamines of Quirinus, an early Sabine god said to
be the deified Romulus. Quirinus was absorbed by, and included in,
the first and earliest Capitoline Triad, along with Mars -- then
an agriculture god -- and Jupiter. The main priestess at the regia
wore a white veil, characteristic of the vestal virgins. A chariot
race was performed in the Circus Maximus. Horses and mules, their
heads crowned with chaplets made of flowers, also took part in the
celebration. Divalia, also called Angeronalia, was held on
December 21, was held on December 21, the date of the Winter
Solstice, in honour of Angerona, the Gallo-Roman goddess of the
new year and the returning sun who relieved men from pain and
sorrow. On this day, the pontifices performed sacrifices near the
Porta Romanula close by the Forum inside the temple of the Goddess
Voluptas (Latin: "Pleasure", "Delight", root
of the word "Voluptuous") (also known as Volupta,
Voluptia, Volupia), the goddess of joy and pleasure supposed to
drive away all the sorrow and chagrin of life, who was seen as the
same as Angerona, so much so that a statue of Angerona stood in
the temple of Voluptas, with a finger on her mouth in the "sign
of silence" hand gesture of mystery religions, and with her
mouth bound and sealed up (os obligatum et signatum2), which
according to Masurius Sabinus3 indicated that those who concealed
their anxiety in patience would by this means attain the greatest
happiness. Angerona was also a protecting goddess of Rome and the
keeper of the sacred name of the city, which might not be
pronounced lest it should be revealed to her enemies. It was even
thought that Angerona itself was this name. It has been suggested
that the sacred name of the city was Amor, i.e. Roma reversed;
Sorania and Hirpa have also been put forward as candidates for the
secret name. The Roman festival of Larentalia was held on December
23, but was ordered to be observed twice a year by Augustus. It
has by some been supposed to be in honour of the Lares, a kind of
domestic genii, divinities or guardian spirits not unlike guardian
angels, worshipped in houses, and esteemed the guardians and
protectors of families, and supposed to reside in chimney-corners.
Others have attributed this feast in honour of Acca Larentia, the
nurse of Romulus and Remus, and wife of Faustulus. During this
festival, offerings were made to the dead, usually at altars
dedicated to Acca Larentia. A sacrifice was typically offered in
the spot where Acca Larentia is buried, the Velabrum, the low
valley in the city of Rome that connects the Forum with the Forum
Boarium, and the Capitoline Hill with the western slope of the
Palatine Hill. Larentalia was part of a series of ancient Roman
festivals and holidays celebrating the end of the old year and the
start of the new. On December 25 is celebrated the dies natalis
(birthday) of Sol Invictus (Latin: "Invincible Sun" or
"Unconquered Sun"), the official sun god of the late
Roman Empire and a later aspect of, or replacement for, the old
Latin god Sol. The emperor Aurelian revived his cult in 274 AD and
promoted Sol Invictus as the chief god of the empire. From
Aurelian onward, Sol Invictus often appeared on imperial coinage,
usually shown wearing a sun crown and driving a horse-drawn
chariot through the sky. His prominence lasted until the emperor
Constantine I legalized Christianity and restricted paganism. The
last known inscription referring to Sol Invictus dates to AD 387,
although there were enough devotees in the fifth century that the
Christian theologian Augustine found it necessary to preach
against them. In recent years, the scholarly community has become
divided on Sol between traditionalists and a growing group of
revisionists. In the traditional view, Sol Invictus was the second
of two different sun gods in Rome. The first of these, Sol
Indiges, or Sol, was believed to be an early Roman god of minor
importance whose cult had petered out by the first century AD. Sol
Invictus, on the other hand, was believed to be a Syrian sun god
whose cult was first promoted in Rome under Elagabalus, without
success. Some fifty years later, in 274 AD, Aurelian established
the cult of Sol Invictus as an official religion. There has never
been consensus on which Syrian sun god he might have been: some
scholars opted for the sky god of Emesa, Elagabal, while others
preferred Malakbel of Palmyra. In the revisionist view, there was
only one cult of Sol in Rome, continuous from the monarchy to the
end of antiquity. There were at least three temples of Sol in
Rome, all active during the Empire and all dating from the earlier
Republic. The Anglo-Saxons referred to December-January as
Geolamonath (modern English: "Yule month", Yule being a
winter festival historically observed by the Germanic peoples that
is claimed to have been merged with Christmas during the
Christianisation of the Germanic peoples. December corresponds
partly to the month of Frimaire and partly to the month of Nivose
of The French Republican Calendar. December's birthstones are
turquoise, zircon and tanzanite. Its birth flower is the
narcissus. The zodiac signs are Sagittarius (until December 21)
and Capricorn (from then on).
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EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
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Today, December 1, 2025December 1: Eat A Red Apple Day: -- Today
we're honoring our teachers' favorite desk decor and our doctor's
best time-honored heart-healthy snack all in one crisp bite. Since
6500 B.C., humans have been enjoying this sweet and delicious
self-contained snack. Each autumn, when this scrumptious fruit is
harvested, it fills our local grocery stores and community
festivals with glee. Whether we're bobbing for them, baking them
into a pie, or stashing one into our bag for a pick-me-up later
on, we just can't get enough of the red apple. America's love
affair with apples began in the early 19th century with the
travels of Johnny Appleseed, who planted trees in states trailing
from the East Coast to the Midwest. Yet these apples weren't the
sort we're celebrating now - they were small and tart, used
primarily for brewing cider. In 1875, however, the gleaming,
sweet, crunchy red fruit we know and love today was discovered in
small town Peru, Iowa on a farm owned by Jesse Hiatt when a chance
seedling took root. He carted the flamboyant apple to a fruit show
in Missouri after his first true harvest and farmers from around
the world were taken by it, wanting to plant trees on their own
land. And thus, the poster child for America's apples was born,
aptly named the Red Delicious Apple. By the time the Great
Depression rolled around, the red apple was ubiquitous all over
the nation. In the face of famine, small communities began to band
together to share food and other resources. Since the apple's peak
harvest season is fall, children often brought them to their
teachers at the start of the school year. To this day, the red
apple symbolizes knowledge and education. The old saying "An
apple a day keeps the doctor away," which originated in
Pembrokeshire, Wales, seems to have crossed the Atlantic in the
1860s to arrive here in America. What used to be simply an old
adage was confirmed by doctors in the 2010s as actually being
true, considering the high antioxidant benefits of the friendly
fruit. Eat a Red Apple Day falls on December 1, toward the end of
the harvest season. While its origins are unknown, we certainly
promote having at least one on this day each year, if only to pay
rightful tribute to its cultural (and medical) importance.
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Today, December 1, 2025December 1: National Pie Day: -- Pie is
so delicious we celebrate it twice a year, the other being January
23. While it might be the lesser of the two celebrated PIE days
(don't forget National Pi Day on March 14th), it happens to fall
smack dab in the middle of a major pie-making season. Take away
ice cream as a dessert choice, and most people choose either cake
people or pie people. Or, to put it another way, most people have
cake or pie with their ice cream! The day combines our bumper
fruit crops with a booming holiday season full of baked goods,
cool weather, and rosy-cheeked children. It's definitely time to
tie on those apron strings and get baking. Of course, we make more
than fruit pies! Savory pot pies provide comfort on a cold
winter's day and the satisfaction a family cook needs when caring
for a family.
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Today, December 1, 2025December 1: National Twin With Your Dog
Day: -- Creating adorable twinning moments with your furry friend,
showcasing style and strengthening the bond between pet and owner.
Dogs certainly have a reputation as being a best friend to humans,
so why not celebrate this auspicious day by dressing up to match
them? It's time to get involved with one of the cutest days for
canines: National Twin With Your Dog Day! The inaugural
celebration of National Twin with Your Dog Day took place in 2021
when it was founded by a business woman in Stafford, UK named Kim
O'Donnell. The hope behind the day was to create an opportunity to
celebrate those beloved canine friends who act as such as support
through good days as well as bad. An excellent way for human
owners to show appreciation and attachment to their little furry
friends is to get dressed up to match them. Since its founding,
this day has expanded, welcoming dog owners all over the world to
participate by "twinning" with their precious pups.
Whether big or small, purebred or a mix, these loyal little
friends certainly deserve to be celebrated on National Twin With
Your Dog Day!
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Today, December 1, 2025December 1: Prisoners For Peace Day: --
The world wide and eternal "war for peace" is celebrated
today, when people around the world are reminded of the fearless
efforts people undergo to preserve peace and avoid war by all
means. This day was created by War Resisters International
(W.R.I.) to honor the efforts of those who have risked their
freedom in the fight against war. This anti-war organization has
gained the likes of many people from across the world and has
reached affiliation in around 30 countries. This holiday seeks to
encourage anti-war supporters to keep on fighting and aims to
allow a safe place for people to voice their opinions on unfair
imprisonment. Today we are shedding light on those who have been
wrongfully imprisoned simply for choosing peace instead of war.
These are people who choose to fight against war and are not
afraid to be imprisoned for it. Prisoners of peace are individuals
who have been imprisoned either due to their objections to joining
the military, or those who take action in disrupting possible war
preparations. Across the world in countries like Israel, South
Korea, and Eritrea, people are imprisoned simply because of their
grounded stance against war. Prisoners for Peace Day seeks to
highlight the lives of these individuals and stir up a global
uprising against this issue, and war at large. These individuals
can also be known as 'war resisters.' The title 'war resister' has
been in existence since World War I, with people coming together
to fight against the war. The major organization that led this
fight was the War Resisters International (W.R.I.). The W.R.I. is
an international anti-war organization that is headquartered in
London. It was founded in Bilthoven, the Netherlands in 1921, and
has grown in affiliation to over 30 countries. Many of its
founders were strongly against World War I and founded the War
Resisters' League which became a section under the W.R.I. As part
of their fight against war efforts, the W.R.I. publishes a list of
people who have been imprisoned either as conscientious objectors
of the military, like Hillel Garmi in Israel, or because they took
nonviolent approaches to disrupt war. Prisoners for Peace Day is
celebrated annually on December 1.
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EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Going
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Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1989: #DOTD: #RIP: Alvin
Ailey, African American dancer, director, choreographer, and
activist who founded the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater
(AAADT), one of the most successful dance companies in the world
(b. January 5, 1931) #dies from an AIDS related illness at the age
of 58 in Manhattan, New York City. He asked his doctor to announce
that his death was caused by terminal blood dyscrasia in order to
shield his mother from the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS. He is
buried at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, Los Angeles
County, California. Alvin Ailey was born Alvin Ailey Jr. in
Rogers, Texas. He created AAADT and its affiliated Ailey School as
havens for nurturing black artists and expressing the universality
of the African American experience through dance. His work fused
theatre, modern dance, ballet, and jazz with black vernacular,
creating hope-fueled choreography that continues to spread global
awareness of black life in America. Ailey's choreographic
masterpiece Revelations is recognized as one of the most popular
and most performed ballets in the world. On July 15, 2008, the
United States Congress passed a resolution designating AAADT a
"vital American Cultural Ambassador to the World." That
same year, in recognition of AAADT's 50th anniversary, then Mayor
Michael Bloomberg declared December 4 "Alvin Ailey Day"
in New York City while then Governor David Paterson honoured the
organization on behalf of New York State.
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Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1824: Elections: Elections In
The United States: The 1824 United States Presidential Election:
-- Since none of the candidates for president - John Quincy Adams,
Andrew Jackson, William H. Crawford and Henry Clay - received a
majority of the total electoral college votes in the election, the
United States House Of Representatives is given the task of hold a
contingent election to select the president in accordance with the
Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The 1824
United States Presidential Election was the tenth quadrennial
presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26 to Thursday,
December 2, 1824. No candidate won a majority of the electoral
vote, becoming the only election to require a contingent election
in the House of Representatives. On February 9, 1825, the House
chose John Quincy Adams as president. It was the first election in
which the winner did not achieve at least a plurality of the
national popular vote. Adams won New England, Jackson and Adams
split the mid-Atlantic states, Jackson and Clay split the Western
states, and Jackson and Crawford split the Southern states.
Jackson finished with a plurality of the electoral and popular
vote, while the other three candidates each finished with a
significant share of the votes. Calhoun became the de facto
running mate of Adams and as such was elected with a comfortable
majority of the vice presidential vote in the Electoral College.
Clay, who was not a top three finisher, was constitutionally
eliminated. Influential within the contingent election, Clay threw
his support behind Adams, who shared many of his positions on the
major issues. With Clay's backing, Adams won the contingent
election on the first ballot. In reaction to allegations of a
"corrupt bargain" between Adams and Henry Clay and the
ambitious agenda of President Adams, Jackson's supporters founded
the Democratic Party. Four years later, Jackson won The 1824
United States Presidential Election, becoming the first President
to be elected from the Democratic Party.
https://store.earthstation1.com/portraits-of-american-presidents-nos-142-tv-series-mp4-download1424.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Stalin
1992 Robert Duvall Julia Ormond Maximilian Schell MP4 DVD Set
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1934: The Interwar Period
(The Aftermath Of World War I, The Interbellum, Between The Wars):
The Soviet Union (The Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics, USSR):
The History Of The Soviet Union: Mass Repression In The Soviet
Union: Purges Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union:
Stalinism: The Great Purge (The Great Terror [Russian: Bol'shoy
Terror, "The Big Terror"], The Year Of '37, The
Yezhovshina [Russian: "The Period Of Yezhov" {Nikolai
Yezhov}]): The Assassination Of Sergei Kirov: -- Soviet Politburo
member Sergei Kirov is assassinated by Leonid Nikolaev, the former
first secretary of the Leningrad branch of the Communist Party, at
Kirov's offices in the Smolny Institute, out of a rumored
suspicion that he was having an affair with Nikolaev's wife, Milda
Draule, who worked at the Smolny Institute and was rumored to have
spent a weekend with him. It is unknown whether these rumors had a
basis in fact, or were deliberately fostered by the NKVD.
According to Amy Knight, Nikolaev's wife, Milda Draule, was noted
for her physical plainness, while Kirov was known to prefer
liaisons with ballerinas and other Soviet women of notable beauty
and grace. Whatever the motivation for the assassination was,
Nikolaev and several suspected accomplices were convicted in a
show trial and executed less than 30 days later. Kirov's death was
later used as a pretext for Stalin's escalation of political
repression in the Soviet Union and the events of the Great Purge,
with complicity as a common charge for the condemned in the Moscow
Trials. Kirov's assassination is highly controversial, and there
is widespread belief in the complicity of Stalin and the NKVD in
permitting the conditions that allowed Kirov to be assassinated.
Leonid Vasilevich Nikolaev was a troubled young Soviet Communist
Party member in Leningrad. He was a small, thin man, about five
feet tall; even as an adult he showed the effects of childhood
rickets and malnutrition. He had difficulty holding a job, and had
been reprimanded by the Party for having refused a posting that
was not to his liking. Eventually, the Party expelled him as a
member. Unemployed, he soon ran short of money, and blamed the
Party for his troubles. His wife Milda Draule was a member of a
regional party committee, and he had a strong suspicion that she
had a love affair with Sergei Kirov, the Party administrator of
the Leningrad district. As Nikolaev's troubles grew, he became
steadily more obsessed with the idea of "striking a blow."
On October 15, 1934, he was arrested by the NKVD, allegedly for
loitering around the Smolny Institute, where Kirov had his
offices. The Smolny guards had discovered a loaded 7.62 mm Nagant
M1895 revolver in Nikolaev's briefcase; some Soviet sources later
argued that Nikolaev did have a permit to carry a loaded handgun.
After Nikolaev's visit, the NKVD failed to augment Kirov's
security; instead, it withdrew all police protection for Kirov
with the exception of a police escort to Smolny and a manned
security post at the entrance to his offices. On the afternoon of
December 1, 1934, Nikolaev paid a final visit to the Smolny
Institute offices. With Stalin's alleged approval, the NKVD had
previously withdrawn the remaining guards manning the security
desk at Smolny. Unopposed, Nikolaev made his way to the third
floor, where he shot Kirov in the back of the neck with his Nagant
revolver. As former Soviet official and author Alexander Barmine
noted, "the negligence of the NKVD in protecting such a high
party official was without precedent in the Soviet Union". He
is buried at The Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow. Sergei Kirov,
born Sergei Mironovich Kostrikov on March 27, 1886, was an early
Bolshevik revolutionary and member of the Bolshevik faction of the
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Kirov became an Old
Bolshevik and personal friend to Joseph Stalin, rising through the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union ranks to become head of the
party in Leningrad and a member of the Politburo. The Leningrad
office of the NKVD, headed by Kirov's close friend, Filipp Medved,
looked after Kirov's security. Stalin allegedly ordered Genrikh
Yagoda, the NKVD Commissar, to replace Medved with Grigory
Yeremeyevich Yevdokimov, a close associate of Stalin. However,
Kirov intervened, and had the order countermanded. As a result,
according to Alexander Orlov, an anti-soviet defector to the
United States, Stalin then ordered Yagoda to arrange the
assassination of Kirov. Yagoda ordered Medved's deputy, Vania
Zaporozhets, to undertake the job. Zaporozhets returned to
Leningrad in search of an assassin; in reviewing the files he
found the name of Leonid Nikolayev. Nevetheless, according to
other soviet defector, Grigori Tokaev, a real oppositionist
underground group had assassinated Kirov. After Kirov's death,
Stalin called for swift punishment of the traitors and those found
negligent in Kirov's death. Borisov, one of the first to come upon
the scene, was immediately arrested; he died the day after Kirov's
assassination, allegedly as the result of a fall from a truck in
which he was being transported by the NKVD. On December 28-29,
1934, Nikolaev and 13 other people as members of the
"counterrevolutionary group" were tried by the Military
Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR under Vasili Ulrikh's
chairmanship. At 5:45 AM on December 29, all of them were
sentenced to death and executed by shooting an hour later. For
Kirov's murder, a total of 117 people were arrested and killed,
including Nikolaev's 85-year-old mother, his brother, sisters, and
cousin. Milda Draule survived her husband by three months before
being executed herself. Their infant son (who was named Marx
following the Bolshevik naming fashion) was sent into an
orphanage. Marx Draule was alive in 2005 when he was officially
rehabilitated as a victim of political repressions, and Milda was
also found innocent retroactively. However, Nikolaev was never
posthumously acquitted. Several NKVD officers from the Leningrad
branch were convicted of negligence for not adequately protecting
Kirov, and were sentenced to prison terms of up to ten years.
However, Barmine claimed they never served their prison sentences;
instead, they were transferred to executive posts in Stalin's
labour camps for a period of time (in effect, a demotion).
Initially, a Communist Party communique reported that Nikolaev's
guilt had been established, and that he had confessed that he
acted at the behest of a 'fascist power', receiving money from an
unidentified 'foreign consul' in Leningrad. Barmine further
claimed 104 other defendants, who were already in prison at the
time of Kirov's assassination, and who had no demonstrable
connection to Nikolaev, were found guilty of complicity in the
'fascist plot' against Kirov, and were summarily executed.
However, a few days later, during a subsequent Communist Party
meeting of the Moscow District, the Party secretary announced in a
speech that Nikolaev had been personally interrogated by Stalin
the very next day after the assassination, an unheard-of event for
a party leader such as Stalin:"Comrade Stalin personally
directed the investigation of Kirov's assassination. He questioned
Nikolaev at length. The leaders of the Opposition placed the gun
in Nikolaev's hand!" Other speakers rose to condemn the
Opposition: "The Central Committee must be pitiless - the
Party must be purged..the record of every member must be
scrutinized..." No one at the meeting mentioned the theory of
fascist agents. Kirov's death meant the beginning of Stalin's
Great Purge. As author and Menshevik scholar Boris Nikolaevsky
pointed out, "One thing is certain: the only man who profited
by the Kirov assassination was Stalin." Indeed, Stalin ater
even used the Kirov assassination to eliminate the remainder of
the Opposition leadership against him, accusing Grigory Zinoviev,
Lev Kamenev, Abram Prigozhin and others who had stood with Kirov
in opposing Stalin (or simply failed to acquiesce to Stalin's
views), of having connections with Nikolaev and facilitating the
assassination. The Great Purge or the Great Terror, also known as
the Year of '37 and the Yezhovschina ("Period Of Yezhov',
names for Nikolai Yezhov, head of the NKVD Soviet secret police
during the height of the Great Purge), was a campaign of political
repression in the Soviet Union that occurred from 1936 to 1938. It
involved a large-scale repression of relatively wealthy peasants
(kulaks); genocidal acts against ethnic minorities; a purge of the
Communist Party, government officials, and the Red Army
leadership; widespread police surveillance; suspicion of
saboteurs; counter-revolutionaries; imprisonment; and arbitrary
executions. Historians estimate the total number of deaths due to
Stalinist repression in 1937-38 to be between 680,000 and
1,200,000.
https://store.earthstation1.com/stalin-1992-robert-duvall-julia-ormond-maximilian-schell-mp4-dvd-set.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Combat
At Sea Documentary Series + Bonus MP4 Video Download DVD Set
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 2002: #DOTD: #RIP: Edward L.
Beach Jr., nicknamed "Ned", highly decorated United
States Navy submarine officer, commander of the first submerged
circumnavigation of the globe, and author of the best-selling
novel Run Silent, Run Deep, which was made into the 1958 movie by
the same name (b. April 20, 1918) #dies on a Wednesday of cancer
at the age of 84 in Washington, D.C.. He is buried in The United
States Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland. He was born
Edward Latimer Beach Jr. in New York City. During World War II, he
participated in the Battle of Midway and 12 combat patrols,
earning 10 decorations for gallantry, including the Navy Cross.
After the war, he served as the naval aide to the President of the
United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower. On February 16, 1960, Captain
Beach, in command of the U.S. Navy's nuclear-powered radar picket
submarine USS Triton (SSRN-586), began Operation Sandblast, the
code name for the first submerged circumnavigation of the world,
when he set sail from New London, Connecticut to begin this first
submerged circumnavigation of the globe on February 24. Triton's
overall navigational track during Operation Sandblast generally
followed that of the Spanish expedition that achieved the first
circumnavigation of the world, started under the command of
Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and completed by Spanish
explorer Juan Sebastian Elcano from 1519 to 1522. The New York
Times described Triton's submerged circumnavigation of the Earth
as "a triumph of human prowess and engineering skill, a feat
which the United States Navy can rank as one of its bright
victories in man's ultimate conquest of the seas." The
circumnavigation took place between February 24 and April 25,
1960, covering 26,723 nautical miles (49,491 km; 30,752 mi) over
60 days and 21 hours. The route began and ended at the St. Peter
and Paul Rocks (The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago) in the
middle of the Atlantic Ocean near the Equator. During the voyage,
Triton crossed the Equator four times while maintaining an average
speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph). The initial impetus for
Operation Sandblast was to increase American technological and
scientific prestige before the May 1960 Paris Summit between
President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Soviet Premier Nikita
Khrushchev. It also provided a high-profile public demonstration
of the capability of U.S. Navy nuclear-powered submarines to carry
out long-range submerged operations independent of external
support and undetected by hostile forces, presaging the initial
deployment of the Navy's Polaris ballistic missile submarines
later in 1960. Finally, Operation Sandblast gathered extensive
oceanographic, hydrographic, gravimetric, geophysical, and
psychological data during Triton's circumnavigation. Official
celebrations were cancelled for Operation Sandblast following the
diplomatic furor arising from the 1960 U-2 incident in which a U-2
spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in early May.
However, Triton did receive the Presidential Unit Citation with a
special clasp in the form of a golden replica of the globe in
recognition of the successful completion of its mission, and
Captain Beach received the Legion of Merit for his role as
Triton's commanding officer. In 1961, Beach received the
Magellanic Premium from the American Philosophical Society, the
United States' oldest and most prestigious scientific award in
"recognition of his navigation of the U.S. submarine Triton
around the globe."
https://store.earthstation1.com/combat-at-sea-dvd-set-all-12-naval-warfare-tv-shows-6-di126.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: CIA The
Secret Files The Central Intelligence Agency TV Series MP4 DVD
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1923: #BOTD: #HBD! Stansfield
Turner, United States Navy admiral who served as President of the
Naval War College (1972-1974), commander of the United States
Second Fleet (1974-1975), Supreme Allied Commander NATO Southern
Europe (1975-1977), and 12th Director of Central Intelligence
(1977-1981) under the Carter administration (d. January 18, 2018)
is #born in the Chicago suburb of Highland Park, Illinois to
Oliver Stansfield Turner, a real estate broker, and Wilhelmina
Josephine Wagner. A graduate of University of Oxford and the
United States Naval Academy, Turner served for more than 30 years
in the Navy, commanding warships, a carrier group, and NATO's
military forces in southern Europe, among other commands. Turner
was appointed to lead the CIA by Jimmy Carter in 1977 and
undertook a series of controversial reforms, including downsizing
the Agency's clandestine arm and emphasizing technical
intelligence collection over human intelligence. He also oversaw
the CIA's responses to the Iranian Revolution and the
Soviet-Afghan War. After leaving the CIA in 1981, Turner entered
the private sector, authored several books, and criticized
subsequent administrations, including the Bush administration's
handling of the Iraq War. He was a senior research scholar at the
University of Maryland, College Park's School of Public Policy.
Stansfield Turner died at his home in Redmond, Washington, agee
94. He is buried at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery in
Annapolis, Maryland.
https://store.earthstation1.com/cia-the-secret-files-the-central-intelligence-agency-tv-series-mp4-dv4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Terry
And The Pirates 1940 15 Part Movie Serial DVD, MP4, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1917: #BOTD: #HBD! William
Tracy, American film and television character actor (d. June 18,
1967) is #born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He played the lead
role of Terry Lee in the 1940 movie serial Terry and the Pirates.
In the 1950s, Tracy primarily did television work, where his most
notable role was "Hotshot Charlie" in the 1953 TV series
version of Terry and the Pirates. He is perhaps best known for the
role of Pepi Katona, the delivery boy, in The Shop Around the
Corner (1940). He starred in the John Ford film Tobacco Road
(1941), and appeared in Brother Rat (1938) and Alfred Hitchcock's
Mr. and Mrs. Smith (1941). In 1940, Tracy began a recurring role
as Sgt. Dorian "Dodo" Doubleday in eight films teamed
with Joe Sawyer as Sgt. Ames, the first six for Hal Roach's
Streamliners service comedies, beginning with Tanks a Million
(1941). This B-movie comedy was nominated for an Academy Award for
Best Musical Score. The last two were for Lippert Pictures,
concluding with Mr. Walkie Talkie (1952) being set during the
Korean War. On the June 14, 1951 episode of the radio series
Suspense, The Truth About Jerry Baxter, the 33-year-old Tracy
played the title character, a teenage marijuana addict. The
episode claimed to be drawn from actual events, but is more like a
radio version of Reefer Madness. Tracy died in Hollywood,
California, at the age of 49. He is buried at Valhalla Memorial
Park in North Hollywood, Los Angeles County, California.
https://store.earthstation1.com/terry-and-the-pirates-dvd-1940-complete-movie-serial-2-19402.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Occult History Of The Third Reich DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025( #JCKaelin here: Yes indeed, only a few
know where for certain where Mr. Crowley is buried (shhh... ;) )
========= December 1, 1947: #DOTD: #RIP: Aleister Crowley, English
occultist, ceremonial magician, poet, painter, author, mountaineer
and British intelligence agent (b. October 12, 1875) #dies at the
Netherwood boarding house in Hastings, Sussex, England where he
lived the final years of his life of chronic bronchitis aggravated
by pleurisy and myocardial degeneration, aged 72. His funeral was
held at Woodvale Crematorium in Brighton, East Sussex; about a
dozen people attended, and Louis Wilkinson read excerpts from the
Gnostic Mass, The Book of the Law, and "Hymn to Pan".
The funeral generated press controversy, and was labelled a Black
Mass by the tabloids. Crowley's ashes were sent to Karl Germer in
the US, who buried them in Hampton, New Jersey; various accounts
give the location of the burial as in Germer's garden, or under a
tree on his property; only a few know where for certain. Born
Edward Alexander Crowley to a wealthy family in Royal Leamington
Spa, Warwickshire. He was a proponent of the magickal philosphy of
Thelema, identifying himself as the prophet entrusted with guiding
humanity into the Aeon of Horus in the early 20th century. A
prolific writer, he published widely over the course of his life.
Crowley rejected his parents' fundamentalist Christian Plymouth
Brethren faith to pursue an interest in Western esotericism. He
was educated at Trinity College at the University of Cambridge,
where he focused his attentions on mountaineering and poetry,
resulting in several publications. Some biographers allege that
here he was recruited into a British intelligence agency, working
with MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5; Security Service) or
MI6 (Military Intelligence, Section 6: Secret Intelligence Service
(SIS)) or both, further suggesting that he remained a spy
throughout his life; the association between intelligence services
and members of occult organizations, as well as the organizations
themselves, is a long-standing one. In 1898 he joined the esoteric
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, where he was trained in
ceremonial magic by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers and Allan
Bennett. Moving to Boleskine House by Loch Ness in Scotland, he
went mountaineering in Mexico with Oscar Eckenstein, before
studying Hindu and Buddhist practices in India. He married Rose
Edith Kelly and in 1904 they honeymooned in Cairo, Egypt, where
Crowley claimed to have been contacted by a supernatural entity
named Aiwass, who provided him with The Book of the Law, a sacred
text that served as the basis for Thelema. Announcing the start of
the Aeon of Horus, The Book declared that its followers should "Do
what thou wilt" and seek to align themselves with their True
Will through the practice of magick. After an unsuccessful attempt
to climb Kanchenjunga and a visit to India and China, Crowley
returned to Britain, where he attracted attention as a prolific
author of poetry, novels, and occult literature. In 1907, he and
George Cecil Jones co-founded an esoteric order, the A.'.A'.,
through which they propagated Thelema. After spending time in
Algeria, in 1912 he was initiated into another esoteric order, the
German-based Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), rising to become the
leader of its British branch, which he reformulated in accordance
with his Thelemite beliefs. Through the O.T.O., Thelemite groups
were established in Britain, Australia, and North America. Crowley
spent the First World War in the United States, where he took up
painting and campaigned for the German war effort against Britain,
later revealing that he had infiltrated the pro-German movement to
assist the British intelligence services. In 1920 he established
the Abbey of Thelema, a religious commune in Cefalu, Sicily where
he lived with various followers. His libertine lifestyle led to
denunciations in the British press, and the Italian government
evicted him in 1923. He divided the following two decades between
France, Germany, and England, and continued to promote Thelema
until his death. Crowley gained widespread notoriety during his
lifetime, being a recreational drug experimenter, bisexual, and an
individualist social critic. Crowley has remained a highly
influential figure over Western esotericism and the
counterculture, and continues to be considered a prophet in
Thelema. He is the subject of various biographies and academic
studies. Biographers Richard B. Spence and Tobias Churton have
suggested that Crowley was a spy for the British secret services
and that among other things he joined the Golden Dawn under their
command to monitor the activities of Mathers, who was known to be
a Carlist. Spence suggested that the conflict between Mathers and
the London lodge for the temple was part of an intelligence
operation to undermine Mathers' authority. Spence has suggested
that the purpose of Crowley's trip to Mexico might have been to
explore Mexican oil prospects for British intelligence. Spence has
suggested that his trip to China was orchestrated as part of a
British intelligence scheme to monitor the region's opium trade.
Churton suggested that Crowley had travelled to Moscow on the
orders of British intelligence to spy on revolutionary elements in
the city. Spence and Sutin both claim that Crowley's pro-German
work in the United States was actually a cover for him being a
double agent for Britain, citing his hyperbolic articles in The
Fatherland to make the German lobby appear ridiculous in the eyes
of the American public. Spence also claims that Crowley encouraged
the German Navy to destroy the Lusitania, informing them that it
would ensure the US stayed out of the war, while in reality hoping
that it would bring the US into the war on Britain's side.
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-occult-history-of-the-third-reich-4-part-tv-series-2-dv42.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: David
Ben-Gurion Documentaries DVD, Video Download, USB Flash Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1973: #DOTD: #RIP: David
Ben-Gurion, Polish-Israeli soldier and politician, 1st Prime
Minister of Israel (b. October 16, 1886) #dies of a cerebral
hemorrhage aged 87 at Sheba Medical Center in Tel HaShomer, Ramat
Gan, Israel. His body lay in state in the Knesset compound before
being flown by helicopter to Sde Boker. Sirens sounded across the
country to mark his death. He is buried alongside his wife Paula
at Midreshet Ben-Gurion. Ben-Gurion was born David Grun in Plonsk,
Poland. He was the primary national founder of the State of Israel
in 1948 and is revered as "Father of the Nation." He was
the preeminent leader of the Jewish community in British Mandate
Palestine from 1935 until the establishment of the State of Israel
in 1948, which he led until 1963 with a short break in 1954-55.
Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, which began early in life, led
him to become a major Zionist leader and Executive Head of the
World Zionist Organization in 1946. As head of the Jewish Agency
from 1935, and later president of the Jewish Agency Executive, he
was the de facto leader of the Jewish community in Palestine, and
largely led its struggle for an independent Jewish state in
Mandatory Palestine. On 14 May 1948, he formally proclaimed the
establishment of the State of Israel, and was the first to sign
the Israeli Declaration Of Independence, which he had helped to
write. Ben-Gurion led Israel during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and
united the various Jewish militias into the Israel Defense Forces
(IDF). Subsequently, he became known as "Israel's founding
father". Following the war, Ben-Gurion served as Israel's
first Prime Minister and Minister of Defense. As Prime Minister,
he helped build the state institutions, presiding over national
projects aimed at the development of the country. He also oversaw
the absorption of vast numbers of Jews from all over the world. A
centerpiece of his foreign policy was improving relationships with
the West Germans. He worked with Konrad Adenauer's government in
Bonn, and West Germany provided large sums (in the Reparations
Agreement between Israel and West Germany) in compensation for
Nazi Germany's confiscation of Jewish property during the
Holocaust. In 1954 he resigned as Prime Minister and Minister of
Defense but remained a member of the Knesset. He returned as
Minister of Defense in 1955 after the Lavon Affair and the
resignation of Pinhas Lavon. Later that year he became Prime
Minister again, following the 1955 elections. Under his
leadership, Israel responded aggressively to Arab guerrilla
attacks, and in 1956, invaded Egypt along with British and French
forces after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal during what became
known as the Suez Crisis. He stepped down from office in 1963, and
retired from political life in 1970. He then moved to Sde Boker, a
kibbutz in the Negev desert, where he lived until his death.
Posthumously, Ben-Gurion was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most
Important People of the 20th century.
https://store.earthstation1.com/david-bengurion-documentaries-dvd-israeli-history.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: James
Baldwin: The Price of the Ticket DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1987: #DOTD: #RIP: James
Baldwin, African American novelist and social critic (b. August 2,
1924) #dies from stomach cancer in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France,
aged 63. He is buried at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, near
New York City. James Baldwin was born James Arthur Baldwin at
Harlem Hospital in New York City. James Baldwin's essays, as
collected in Notes Of A Native Son (1955), explore intricacies of
racial, sexual, and class distinctions in Western societies, most
notably in mid-20th-century America. Some of Baldwin's essays are
book-length, including The Fire Next Time (1963), No Name in the
Street (1972), and The Devil Finds Work (1976). An unfinished
manuscript, Remember This House, was expanded and adapted for
cinema as the Academy Award-nominated documentary film I Am Not
Your Negro. Baldwin's novels and plays fictionalize fundamental
personal questions and dilemmas amid complex social and
psychological pressures thwarting the equitable integration not
only of African Americans, but also of gay and bisexual men, while
depicting some internalized obstacles to such individuals' quests
for acceptance. Such dynamics are prominent in Baldwin's second
novel, Giovanni's Room, written in 1956, well before the gay
liberation movement.
https://store.earthstation1.com/james-baldwin-the-price-of-the-ticket-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: A Night
At The Nuyorican Poet's Cafe 102690 DVD, Download, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 2020: #DOTD: #RIP: Dr. Miguel
Algarin, Black Puerto Rican poet, writer, co-founder of the
Nuyorican Poets Cafe, Rutgers University professor of English (b.
September 11, 1941) #dies from sepsis at a hospital in Manhattan
on at the age of 79. His burial details are not publicly
disclosed. He was born Miguel Algarin Jr. in Santurce, Puerto
Rico. Raised and educated in a culturally-minded household, the
love for all things involving culture always prevailed in his
family. His family and he migrated to the Lower East Side of
Manhattan in New York City in 1950. While there he received both
his primary and secondary education. Algarin went on to study
English at the University of Wisconsin (B.A., 1963) and
Pennsylvania State University (M.A., 1965). He then received his
PhD in comparative literature at Rutgers University. Teaching
English at Brooklyn College and New York University, he developed
a love and understanding of the works of Shakespeare.
Shakespeare's antique tales were the force which motivated Algarin
to strive to one day have a place of his own where he could tell
the story of where he lives. Eventually, Algarin became a
professor of Shakespeare, creative writing, and United States
ethnic literature at Rutgers University. In 1973, Algarin was
using the living room of his apartment in Manhattan as a gathering
place for poets and artists. By 1975, there were so many poets and
artists gathering and reciting their works in the apartment, that
Algarin decided to look for a more comfortable location. Algarin,
Miguel Pinero, Pedro Pietri, and other poets rented a location on
East 6th street and named it the Nuyorican Poets Cafe. In 1980,
Algarin purchased a building on East 3rd street to expand the
cafe. The Cafe is now a non-profit organization that offers
programs which include poetry and prose readings, theatrical and
musical performances, and visual arts exhibits. It is one of the
key cultural institutions of the Nuyorican Movement. The Nuyorican
Poets Cafe popularized slam poetry. The theater has won over 30
"AUDELCO Awards" and was honored with an Obie grant for
excellence in theater. Of the screenplays read in the theater, 40
have been turned into films. The Latin jam session which is
celebrated at the Cafe has been a weekly "Critics Choice"
at the New York Press for six consecutive years. The Cafe also has
a radio broadcast on WBAI, where Algarin started the broadcast
with his signature "We're live from the Nuyorican Poets
Cafe". Algarin played an important role in the spread of
Nuyorican literature by compiling, with Miguel Pinero, its first
anthology Nuyorican Poetry: An Anthology of Puerto Rican Words and
Feelings. He also founded a publishing house called the Nuyorican
Press, which only published one book, his own Mongo Affair. He
also helped launch Arte Public Press, which became a leading
publishing house for Nuyorican works. Principally known as a poet,
Algarin's books include Mongo Affair, On Call (1980), Body Bee
Calling from the 21st Century (1982), Time's Now/Ya es tiempo
(1985), and Love Is Hard Work: Memorias de Loisaida/Poems (1997,
Lower East Side Memories/Poems). He also published anthologies of
works that were performed at the Nuyorican Poets Cafe, including
Aloud: Voices from the Nuyorican Poets Cafe (1994) which he
co-edited with Bob Holman. He was the editor of Action: The
Nuyorican Cafe Theatre Festival and co-editor of Aloud. Among his
award-winning poetry books are Time's Now/Ya Es Tiempo and Love is
Hard Work. Algarin held the status of Professor Emeritus for his
more than 30 years of service to Rutgers University. He has
received three American Book Awards and the Larry Leon Hamlin
Producer's Award at the 2001 National Black Festival. In the movie
Pinero, about the life of Miguel Pinero, directed by Leon Ichaso
and starring Benjamin Bratt, Algarin is portrayed by the actor
Giancarlo Esposito. Algarin received three American Book Awards
and became the first Latino to win the Before Columbus Lifetime
Achievement American Book Award in 2009. Algarin retired as
professor from Rutgers University, but continued as the executive
producer of the Nuyorican Poets Cafe's theater and was working on
a piece of literature titled "Dirty Beauty". In 2001, he
was portrayed by actor Giancarlo Esposito in the Miguel Pinero
biopic Pinero. Algarin died from sepsis at a hospital in Manhattan
at age 79.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Menuhin: A Family Portrait: Yehudi Menuhin Biography DVD, MP4, USB
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1997: #DOTD: #RIP: Stephane
Grappelli, nicknamed "The Grandfather Of Jazz Violinists"
(distinguished from Joe Venuti, who is known as "The Father
Of Jazz Violin", French-Italian jazz violinist who founded
the Quintette du Hot Club de France with guitarist Django
Reinhardt in 1934, one of the first all-string jazz bands (b.
January 26, 1908) #dies in Paris, France of heart failure after a
series of minor cerebral attacks. His funeral on December 5 took
place at the Eglise Saint-Vincent-de-Paul, Paris, within sight of
the entrance to the Lariboisiere Hospital where he had been born
Stefano Grappelli 89 years earlier. His body was cremated and his
ashes entombed in the city's Pere Lachaise Cemetery. For the first
three decades of his career, he was billed using a gallicised
spelling of his last name, Grappelly, reverting to Grappelli in
1969. The latter, Italian spelling, is now used almost universally
when referring to the violinist, including reissues of his early
work. He continued playing concerts around the world well into his
80s.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: TV
Music & Dance Shows #9 The Action Is Here DVD, MP4, USB Flash
Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1986: #DOTD: #RIP: Lee
Dorsey, African American American pop, R & B, soul and funk
singer and songwriter (b. December 24, 1924) #dies of emphysema in
New Orleans, Louisiana at the age of 61. He is buried at Restlawn
Park Cemetery And Mausoleum in Waggaman, Jefferson Parish,
Louisiana. Born Irving Lee Dorsey in New Orleans, Louisiana, Lee
Dorsey was a childhood friend of Fats Domino before moving to
Portland, Oregon when he was ten years old. His biggest hits were
"Ya Ya" (1961) and "Working in the Coal Mine"
(1966). Much of his work was produced by Allen Toussaint, with
instrumental backing provided by The Meters.
https://store.earthstation1.com/classic-tv-music-amp-dance-shows-9-the-action-is-here-dv9.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: DJ
Madness! 1950s-60s-70s Radio Shows DVD, MP3 Download, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1938: #BOTD: #HBD! Sandy
Nelson, American rock and roll drummer, one of the best-known rock
drummers of the early 1960s (d. February 14, 2022) is #born Sander
Lloyd Nelson in Santa Monica, California. Sandy Nelson had several
solo instrumental Top 40 hits, and was a session drummer on many
other well-known hits, and released over 30 albums. His first
recording, with a band called the Renegades (Richard Podolor,
Bruce Johnston, and Nick Venet), was "Geronimo", written
by Venet, produced by Kim Fowley, and released on the Original
Sound Records label. Although it flopped on the national charts,
it charted in some of the Mid West markets. The song, along with
"Charge", is part of the soundtrack of 1959 film Ghost
of Dragstrip Hollow released by American International Pictures.
Nelson attended high school with Jan Berry, Dean Torrence (who
became Jan and Dean), and Kim Fowley. After gaining respect as a
session drummer, he played on such songs as "To Know Him Is
To Love Him" (Phil Spector's Teddy Bears, 1958), "Alley-Oop"
(The Hollywood Argyles, 1960), and "A Thousand Stars"
(Kathy Young and the Innocents, 1960). His song "Teen Beat",
on Original Sound Records, rose to number 4 on the Billboard Hot
100 chart in 1959. It sold over one million copies, and was
awarded a gold disc. Subsequently, he signed with the Imperial
record label, and pounded out two more Top 40 hits, "Let
There Be Drums", which went to number 7 on the Billboard Hot
100, and "Drums Are My Beat". In December 1961, the
British music magazine, NME, reported that "Let There Be
Drums" had gone Top 10 in both the United Kingdom and United
States. All three were instrumentals (a feat rarely repeated).
Guitar playing on these hits was by co-writer Richard Podolor,
later a songwriter and record producer. Near the end of 1963,
Nelson was in a motorcycle accident. The injuries necessitated
amputation of his right foot and part of that leg. Nonetheless,
Nelson continued to record into the early 1970s, releasing two or
three albums a year, consisting of cover versions of popular hits
plus a few original compositions. He lived the final years of his
life in Boulder City, Nevada, where he continued to experiment
with music on keyboards and piano. Sandy Nelson died in Las Vegas
at the age of 83 from complications of a stroke he had in 2017. He
was cremated, and his ashes were given to his family.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: The
History Of Jazz A Video Retrospective DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1933: #BOTD: #HBD! Lou Rawls,
African American singer, songwriter, record producer, composer and
actor (d. January 6, 2006) is #born Louis Allen Rawls in Chicago,
Illinois. Raised by his grandmother in the Ida B. Wells projects
on the city's South Side, he began singing in the Greater Mount
Olive Baptist Church choir at the age of seven and later sang with
local groups through which he met Sam Cooke, who was nearly three
years older, and Curtis Mayfield. His musical genres were Gospel
Music, R & B, Soul Music, Jazz and Blues. Rawls released more
than 60 albums, sold more than 40 million records, and had
numerous charting singles, most notably his song "You'll
Never Find Another Love like Mine". Lou Rawls died of lung
cancer that metastasized to his brain. He is buried at Forest Lawn
Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills).
https://store.earthstation1.com/the-history-of-jazz-by-billy-taylor-parts-i-amp-ii-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: WABC
Radio Airchecks MP3 Collection 1960s-1980s DVD, MP3 Download, USB
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1934: #BOTD: #HBD! Billy
Paul, African American Grammy Award-winning soul singer, known for
his 1972 No. 1 single "Me and Mrs. Jones", as well as
the 1973 album and single War Of The Gods, which blends his more
conventional pop, soul, and funk styles with electronic and
psychedelic influences (d. April 24, 2016) is #born Paul Williams
in North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was one of the many
artists associated with the Philadelphia soul sound created by
Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff, and Thom Bell. Paul was identified by his
diverse vocal style, which ranged from mellow and soulful to low
and raspy. Questlove of the Roots equated Paul with Marvin Gaye
and Stevie Wonder, calling him "one of the criminally
unmentioned proprietors of socially conscious post-revolution '60s
civil rights music." Billy Paul died in the afternoon at his
home in the Blackwood section of Gloucester Township, New Jersey
from pancreatic cancer at the age of 81. He is buried at the West
Laurel Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania near labelmate Teddy
Pendergrass.
https://store.earthstation1.com/wabc-musicradio-shows-mp3-dvd-60s80s-am-360807775.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title:
Offshore Pirate Radio 1960s-1980s MP3s DVD, Audio Download, USB
Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1946: #BOTD: Gilbert
O'Sullivan, Irish singer-songwriter and pianist, best known for
his early 1970s hits "Alone Again (Naturally)", "Clair",
and "Get Down", is #born Raymond Edward O'Sullivan in
Waterford, Ireland. Worldwide he has charted 16 top-40 records,
including six No. 1 songs, the first of which was 1970's "Nothing
Rhymed". Across his career, he has recorded 19 studio albums,
up to his UK top 20 self-titled record in 2018. Speaking in 2009
he said, "I write pop songs. That's all I want to do. I have
no interest in just touring, and living in the past." The
music magazine Record Mirror voted him the top UK male singer of
1972. He has received three Ivor Novello Awards, including
"Songwriter of the Year" in 1973.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Rowan &
Martin's Laugh-In MegaSet 2 Albums 2 Blooper Sets MP3 MP4 DVD
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1995: #DOTD: #RIP: Dennis
Allen, actor and comedian, best known as regular cast member on
Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In (b. June 10, 1940) #dies of lung
cancer in Kansas City, Missouri at the age of 55. He is buried at
Maple Hill Cemetery in Kansas City, Kansas. He was born Dennis Roy
Allen in Raytown, Missouri where he was raised. He appeared on
Love American Style, and starred opposite Ruth Buzzi in Gene
Kelly's Broadway musical production of ClownAround. a paean to
fools, jesters and clowns. Allen earned a Bachelor and Master
degrees from the Boston University College of Fine Arts. After
completing his education, he moved to New York and began his
career performing in an Off-Broadway music revue of material by
Julius Monk in the Plaza 9 club at the Plaza Hotel. He spent next
four years performing sketch comedy in New York clubs, and working
as an actor in radio and television commercials. In 1968, Allen
was cast as Calvin Coolidge in William F. Brown and
composer-lyricist Oscar Brand's musical How To Steal An Election.
Earning rave reviews for his performance; he drew the attention of
the producers of Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In and was invited to
join the cast. From 1970 through 1973, he was a main cast member
of Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In; there he was reunited with former
ClownAround co-star Ruth Buzzi. After the show ended, he returned
to Missouri and resided in Kansas City. During this time he
struggled with substance abuse. After receiving treatment, he
recovered and worked for a time with a program that assisted boys
who were emotionally disturbed. Allen resumed his career as an
actor in regional theatre in Kansas City and the surrounding
region, often portraying comedic roles.
https://store.earthstation1.com/rowan-and-martin-discount-set-2-albums-2-blooper-reel-sets-mp3-mp4-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Rowan &
Martin's Laugh-In MegaSet 2 Albums 2 Blooper Sets MP3 MP4 DVD
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 2011: #DOTD: #RIP: Alan Sues,
American soldier, actor and comedian, widely known for his roles
on the 1968-1973 television series Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In
(b. March 7, 1926) #dies aged 85 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center,
Los Angeles, where he was taken after suffering an apparent heart
attack while watching television with his beloved dog, Doris,
according to his partner and accountant, Michael Michaud. He is
buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Hollywood Hills, Los
Angeles County, California. He was born Alan Grigsby Sues in Ross,
California. Sues's on-screen persona was campy and outrageous.
Typical of his humor was a skit that found him following a pair of
whiskey-drinking cowboys to a Wild West bar and requesting a
frozen daiquiri. His recurring characters on the program included
"Big Al the Sportscaster", "Uncle Al the Kiddies'
Pal", and "Jo Anne Worley", after Worley left the
show. Sues was born to Alice (nee Murray) and Melvyn Sues, who
raised racehorses, requiring the family to move frequently. He
served in the U.S. Army in Europe during World War II. Sues used
his GI Bill benefits to pay for acting lessons at the Pasadena
Playhouse, where he performed, later making his Broadway debut in
the stage play Tea and Sympathy, directed by Elia Kazan, which had
a successful run in New York City beginning in 1953. During this
period, he met and married Phyllis Gehrig, a dancer and actress,
subsequently starting a vaudevillian nightclub act in Manhattan -
with which they toured North America before divorcing in 1958.
After touring the country with his wife, he got more work in
stand-up comedy (at Reuben Bleu and Blue Angel, both clubs in
Manhattan), worked with Julius Monk, and joined an improv/sketch
group with The Mad Show, which led to his being cast in Laugh-In.
Outside of Laugh-In, he appeared in the classic Twilight Zone
episode "The Masks", in a non-comedic role. He also had
supporting roles in the films Move Over, Darling (1963) and The
Americanization of Emily (1964). After Laugh-In, Sues portrayed
Professor Moriarty onstage in Sherlock Holmes (opposite John Wood,
and later Leonard Nimoy), which, according to Alan, was "one
of my favorite roles, because it's so against type, and I loved
the makeup". The makeup for Moriarty was used in several
books about makeup as an example of shadowing and technique. Sues
appeared in television commercials for Peter Pan Peanut Butter
during the 1970s, as a tongue-in-cheek, klutzy Peter Pan. He
toured with Singin' in the Rain, playing the Elocution Instructor.
He also appeared in several movies, and provided voiceovers
including Oh! Heavenly Dog and Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in
July. During the 1970s, Sues appeared as a celebrity guest on some
popular game shows of the era, including The Movie Game, Celebrity
Sweepstakes, The Cross-Wits and Liar's Club. Sues appeared in the
short films Lord of the Road (1999) and Artificially Speaking
(2009), the latter making its premiere at the 2009 Dances With
Films festival in Los Angeles. In 2008, fifty years after their
divorce, Sues and his former wife, Phyllis, conducted a lengthy
interview at his home for her website.
https://store.earthstation1.com/rowan-and-martin-discount-set-2-albums-2-blooper-reel-sets-mp3-mp4-dvd.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Bank Of
Crooks & Criminals The BCCI Scandal DVD MP4 Download USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1949: #BOTD: Pablo Escobar,
known as "The King Of Cocaine", Colombian drug lord,
narcoterrorist, and politician, founder and sole leader of the
Medellin Cartel (d. December 2, 1993) is #born Pablo Emilio
Escobar Gaviria in Rionegro, Antioquia Department, Columbia.
Escobar was one of the wealthiest criminals in history, having
amassed an estimated net worth of 30B USD by the time of his death
(70B USD as of 2022) while his drug cartel monopolized the cocaine
trade into the United States in the 1980s and early 1990s. Raised
in Medellin, Columbia, Escobar studied briefly at Universidad
Autonoma Latinoamericana of Medellin, but left without graduating;
he instead began engaging in criminal activity, selling illegal
cigarettes and fake lottery tickets, as well as participating in
motor vehicle theft. In the early 1970s, he began to work for
various drug smugglers, often kidnapping and holding people for
ransom. In 1976, Escobar founded the Medellin Cartel, which
distributed powder cocaine, and established the first smuggling
routes from Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, through Colombia and
eventually into the United States. Escobar's infiltration into the
U.S. created exponential demand for cocaine and by the 1980s it
was estimated Escobar led monthly shipments of 70 to 80 tons of
cocaine into the country from Colombia. As a result, he quickly
became one of the richest people in the world, but constantly
battled rival cartels domestically and abroad, leading to
massacres and the murders of police officers, judges, locals, and
prominent politicians. In the 1982 Colombian parliamentary
election, Escobar was elected as an alternate member of the
Chamber of Representatives as part of the Liberal Party. Through
this, he was responsible for community projects such as the
construction of houses and football fields, which gained him
popularity among the locals of the towns that he frequented.
However, Escobar's political ambitions were thwarted by the
Colombian and U.S. governments, who routinely pushed for his
arrest, with Escobar widely believed to have orchestrated the
Avianca Flight 203 and DAS Building bombings in retaliation. In
1991, Escobar surrendered to authorities, and was sentenced to
five years' imprisonment on a host of charges, but struck a deal
of no extradition with Colombian President Cesar Gaviria, with the
ability of being housed in his own, self-built prison, La
Catedral. In 1992, Escobar escaped and went into hiding when
authorities attempted to move him to a more standard holding
facility, leading to a nationwide manhunt. As a result, the
Medellin Cartel crumbled, and in 1993, Escobar was killed in his
hometown by Colombian National Police on December 2, 1993, a day
after his 44th birthday. Escobar's legacy remains controversial;
while many denounce the heinous nature of his crimes, he was seen
as a "Robin Hood-like" figure for many in Colombia, as
he provided many amenities to the poor. His killing was mourned
and his funeral attended by over 25,000 people. He is buried at
the Cemetario Jardines Montesacro in Itagui, just south of
Medellin. Additionally, his private estate, Hacienda Napoles, has
been transformed into a theme park. His life has also served as
inspiration for or has been dramatized widely in film, television,
and in music.
https://store.earthstation1.com/bank-of-crooks-amp-criminals-the-bcci-scandal-dvd-mp4-download-usb-driv4.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Mary
Martin As Peter Pan 1955 & 1960 DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 1898: #BOTD: #HBD! Cyril
Ritchard, Australian-American stage, screen and television actor,
singer and director (d. December 18, 1977) is #born Cyril Joseph
Trimnell-Ritchard in the Sydney suburb of Surry Hills, Australia.
Cyril Ritchard is probably best remembered today for his
performance as Captain Hook in the Mary Martin musical production
of Peter Pan. In 1945, he played Gabriele Eisenstein in Gay
Rosalinda at the Palace theatre in London, a version of Strauss's
Die Fledermaus by Erich Wolfgang Korngold in which he appeared
with Peter Graves. The show was conducted by Richard Tauber and
ran for almost a year. Cyril Ritchard died in a coma in Chicago,
Illinois aged 79 of a heart attack sustained on November 25, 1977,
while appearing as the narrator in the Chicago touring company of
Side by Side by Stephen Sondheim. He is buried beside his wife,
the actress Madge Elliott, at Saint Mary's Cemetery in Ridgefield,
Connecticut, near his rural home. His funeral mass was celebrated
by Archbishop Fulton Sheen.
https://store.earthstation1.com/mary-martin-as-peter-pan-special-2-dvd-valuepack-both-tv-show2.html
Today's
EarthStation1.com #OnThisDay Commemorative Memorial Title: Ronald
Reagan Documentary Biography DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
Today, December 1, 2025December 1, 2023: #DOTD: #RIP: Sandra Day
O'Connor, American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as
the first female Supreme Court justice, an associate justice 1981
to 2006, after being unanimously approved by the U.S. Senate (b.
March 26, 1930) #dies in Phoenix, Arizona at the age of 93, due to
complications related to advanced dementia and a respiratory
illness. After her death, Chief Justice John Roberts called her
"an eloquent advocate for civil education" and a
"fiercely independent defender of the rule of law" in a
public statement. President Joe Biden said she was an "American
icon", dedicated to public service and the "bedrock
American principle of an independent judiciary." iCivics
board chairman Larry Kramer said that O'Connor was "kind and
generous" and relayed that iCivics was her "brainchild".
O'Connor lay in repose in the Great Hall of the Supreme Court on
December 18, 2023. She was memorialized the following day in a
funeral service held at the Washington National Cathedral. She is
buried at The Lazy B Ranch in Duncan, Arizona. Sandra Day O'Connor
was born Sandra Day in El Paso, Texas, the daughter of Harry
Alfred Day, a rancher, and Ada Mae (Wilkey). She was an Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court Of The United States, having served
from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until 2006. She is
the first woman to have served on the Court. Prior to O'Connor's
tenure on the Court, she was an elected official and judge in
Arizona serving as the first female Majority Leader of a state
senate as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate. Upon her
nomination to the Court, O'Connor was confirmed unanimously by the
Senate. On July 1, 2005, she announced her intention to retire
effective upon the confirmation of a successor. Samuel Alito was
nominated to take her seat in October 2005, and joined the Court
on January 31, 2006. Considered a federalist and a moderate
Republican, O'Connor tended to approach each case narrowly without
arguing for sweeping precedents. She most frequently sided with
the Court's conservative bloc, although in the latter years of her
tenure, she was regarded as having the swing opinion in many
cases. She often wrote concurring opinions that limited the reach
of the majority holding. Her majority opinions in landmark cases
include Grutter v. Bollinger and Hamdi v. Rumsfeld. She also wrote
in part the per curiam majority opinion in Bush v. Gore, and was
one of three co-authors of the lead opinion in Planned Parenthood
v. Casey. O'Connor was Chancellor of The College of William and
Mary in Williamsburg. Several publications have named her among
the most powerful women in the world. On August 12, 2009, she was
awarded the Presidential Medal Of Freedom, the highest civilian
honor of the United States, by President Barack Obama.
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